THE CHESAPEAKE GROUP’S FOURTH ANNUAL ANALYSIS FINDS THAT LINK ROT IS SLOWING, BUT STILL PRESENT IN MORE THAN 30% OF URLs

WASHINGTON (April 25, 2011) – Does the rate at which Web pages are lost to “link rot” slow down over time? The latest link rot study conducted by the Chesapeake Digital Preservation Group shows that this might be the case.

As National Preservation Week 2011 begins, the Chesapeake Digital Preservation Group is releasing the results of its fourth annual analysis of link rot among the original URLs for law- and policy-related materials published to the Web and archived by the Chesapeake Group. After three years of observing the rate of link rot nearly double on an annual basis, the Chesapeake Group found that link rot in its sample of URLs originally collected in 2007 and 2008 increased by only 2.5 percent in 2011. The sample includes URLs primarily from state government (.state.__.us), government (.gov), and organization (.org) top-level domains.

The Chesapeake Group is a shared digital archive for the preservation of Web-published legal materials, which often disappear as online content is reorganized or deleted over time. Participants include the Georgetown and Harvard Law Libraries and the State Law Libraries of Maryland and Virginia.

The 2011 analysis reveals that 30.4 percent of the online publications in the sample have now disappeared from their original Web pages but, due to the group’s Web preservation efforts, remain accessible via permanent archive URLs. This sample of online publications was first analyzed in 2008 and showed link rot to be present in 8.3 percent of the publications’ original URLs. In 2009, the same sample showed an increase in link rot to 14.3 percent, and in 2010, link rot in the sample jumped to 27.9 percent.

Although the 2011 link-rot rate of 30.4 percent represents a significant loss of content over the four-year period, the increase observed from 2010 to 2011 is less than three percent and deviates from the pattern of steadily increasing link rot observed in previous years.

The analysis also explores the prevalence of link rot among top-level domains. A detailed summary of the study is available at http://legalinfoarchive.org/.

The Chesapeake Group is a founding member of the Legal Information Preservation Alliance (LIPA) Legal Information Archive, a collaborative digital preservation program for the law library community. For more information, visit the LIPA Web site at www.aallnet.org/committee/lipa or the Chesapeake Group at www.legalinfoarchive.org.

Construction on the new John and Frances Angelos Law Center at the University of Baltimore is well underway. Travelers on Charles Street can see the girders climb out of the foundation that was poured this winter. (You can see it, too, through our live webcam! http://tinyurl.com/3plmpmo) The building has now reached the fourth floor of what will be a twelve story building.

The new library space has significantly affected our approach to collection development. We are taking the plunge and often relying solely on electronic resources for primary sources material. Only a few years ago it would have been inconceivable for an academic law library to jettison the National Reporter Series or the statutes of all of the states; now it’s an easy decision. Most states publish their cases and statutes online now, plus students and faculty have access to Lexis and Westlaw. We also provide public access Lexis for lawyers and members of the public who come to research. It doesn’t provide the full coverage that regular Lexis does, but it does make primary law readily available.

We are approaching secondary sources a little differently. We have just finished an “extreme makeover” of our classified collection, discarding about 25% of the collection. We have also canceled and will not be moving our law journal collection, instead relying on Hein Online. (As legal scholarship becomes more interdisciplinary we have also devoted more money to other journal databases such as JSTOR and Academic Search Premiere.)

Once the new building is occupied, the law library footprint will have both expanded and contracted. Our physical space (and in particular, our shelf space) will be much smaller. On the other hand, by emphasizing electronic resources, the library reaches beyond the physical confines of the building to serve our patrons wherever they travel.

It is an unusual day when staff at the Maryland State Law Library (MSLL) does not fulfill a request for a brief, bill file, or unreported opinion. For fifty cents per page, or for free to Maryland state employees, the library staff will retrieve, scan, PDF, and email the document. To make the process even easier, the library accepts, and prefers, payment via Visa or MasterCard. The usual turnaround time is the same business day for requests received before 2:00pm. To request a document, just call the reference desk at 410-260-1430 or use the document delivery form on the library’s home page.

Available for Document Delivery from the Maryland State Law Library

• Unreported opinions back to1988
• Court of Appeals briefs
• Court of Special Appeals briefs for “reported” cases
• Maryland superseded codes
• Maryland session laws
• Maryland General Assembly bill files 1977-1997
  Please note that some bill files are too long for library staff to make a copy.

Now online!

• Most Maryland Task Force Reports

• Maryland Rules Committee Meeting minutes

• Session laws: HeinOnline and Maryland State Archives

By Monique LaForce

Famed New York City restaurant owner Danny Meyer is widely considered to be an expert in creating memorable dining experiences for guests and providing “engaging hospitality”[1] in all his restaurants, which range in style and formality from white linen to BBQ, chichi Indian fare to half smokes.  Mr. Meyer’s first restaurant, Union Square Café, has been given Zagat Survey’s #1 ranking as New York’s Most Popular Restaurant eight times.  His restaurant Eleven Madison Park was this year honored with the James Beard award for outstanding restaurant.

In 2006, Mr. Meyers published a successful tome on bringing hospitality principles to business.  With the announcement that Mr. Meyer is invading neighboring DC (with the opening of one of his Shake Shack diners and the procurement of a Nats Park concession license), the time seemed ripe to examine the applicability of Mr. Meyer’s philosophy of hospitality to the law library.

Several of Mr. Meyer’s observations about life in the demanding and fast-paced world of New York cuisine are applicable to law librarians.

1. “Service is a monolog . . . [h]ospitality is a dialog.”  As librarians, a significant focus of our interactions with our clients is providing excellent customer service.  Perhaps occasionally we should stop to consider whether we are providing excellent hospitality.   Are we performing an engaged reference interview, or simply responding in a rote way to whatever the patron asks?  Are we seeking feedback from our clients as to what research services they need or are lacking?  Lore has it that there was a transactional lawyer who, when he realized that one of his major clients was seeking counsel from another law firm on some deals, asked the client why it was hiring the other firm.  Turns out, the competing firm wasn’t any better at providing transactional advice, but had better office supplies in its conference rooms. Hospitality ruled the day.
2. “Before you go to market, know what you are selling and to whom.  It’s a very rare business that can (or should) be all things to all people.”  As information archivists, retrievers, and analyzers, we as librarians may try to become all things to all people.  Sometimes, it might be beneficial to step back and examine a request, procedure or purchase in an effort to determine:  Is this the appropriate department to solve this problem?  Are the resources necessary to solve this problem appropriately spent in solving it?  If we add a particular service or database, is it beneficial to a large or important contingent of stakeholders?  Hard as it is for us to swallow, it is okay to say no sometimes.  Albeit in a hospitable way.
3. “People who aren’t alerted in advance about a decision that will affect them may become angry and hurt.”  A solid principle of hospitality is good communication – making stakeholders feel they are part of a process, not hapless victims of a decision thrust upon them.  For example, many electronic database providers have recently changed their interfaces and lexicons – some drastically.  Have we made our clients aware of these changes in advance? Provided learning opportunities?  Educated ourselves as to all the intimate details of these changes so as to provide counsel to our patrons during the change-over and after?   Change is the ultimate constant, so there are opportunities for us to welcome stakeholders into the decision-making process on an almost daily basis.
4. “The road to success is paved with mistakes well handled.”  Mr. Meyer provides multiple examples of mistakes that have happened in his restaurants – dinners spilled on designer ensembles, floral arrangements catching fire, guests passing out in dining rooms.  What sets a great restaurant apart from a good one, Mr. Meyer argues, is its ability to “write a great last chapter.”  Mishaps will forever go hand-in-hand with running any service organization – how we handle them determines whether one can “earn a comeback victory with the guest.”  How do we handle a missed deadline?  A response to a research request that lacked critical information when delivered?  A mistaken quote to a client on the cost of performing a search in a database?  How we follow-up with our patrons will determine whether our customers give us “a chance to earn back their favor.”

Mr. Meyer has built his entire restaurant empire on a philosophy of hospitality, generosity to the customer, and dedication to a great dining experience.  As law librarians, we can adapt these lessons to flavor our interactions with our clients to provide a superlative research experience.

Featured Articles

• GPO’s Federal Digital System (FDsys) America’s Authentic Government Information
• Celebrating Anna Ella Carroll
• Two Quarters and  Penny: Hello Title 51!
• Ideas in Client Services: Assisting New Associates with Business Development
• Bernice Bernstein Retires from the Maryland State Law Library
• MLA Maryland Library Legislative Day
• AALL Working Group Update
• Ask Us Now! at the Maryland State Law Library
• The Importance of Being “Gently Stewed”: Marion Elizabeth Rodgers on Mencken, Governor Ritchie, and Prohibition
• Program Review: Bankruptcy Overview

By Catherine I. McGuire
Outreach Services Law Librarian
Maryland State Law Library

Last June (2010), the Maryland State Law Library began monitoring the Maryland AskUsNow! 24/7 chat reference service for live questions, four hours per week.

The Library has been a partner with Maryland AskUsNow! since the program’s start in early 2003. Maryland AskUsNow! (http://www.askusnow.info/) is a statewide interactive chat reference service, and is a partnering member of an international consortium called the QuestionPoint 24/7 Reference Cooperative. Librarians from the AskUsNow! and partner libraries globally respond to reference questions from customers via chat.

The Maryland State Law Library has been participating, as a back-up subject specialist, in the chat service since the service began in March 2003. When a customer asks a law-related question during a live chat session and the resources or knowledge required to respond are too specialized for chat or the providing librarian, the session transcript is referred to the participating law librarians. The Charles County Public Law Library joined the State Law Library in responding to follow-up questions in 2005.

In June 2010, the State Law Library began making a law librarian available through live chat as well, four hours per week, on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 2:00 p.m. to 4 p.m. (except holidays.) During those hours, a law question in the system is answered live when the customer needs help, not later via email.

During the hours that a law librarian is “live”, someone with a question can enter the AskUsNow! chat service in a number of ways: through participating libraries’ websites including the State Law Library’s site; through www.askusnow.info; or via a link on the Maryland People’s Law Library (www.peoples-law.info). On the People’s site, during non-live-chat hours, a link is provided so that the public can choose to email a question to the State Law Library’s reference desk. That question will be picked up and responded to through the Library’s regular email reference services.

Questions through the service have come from a broad range of Marylanders. A large portion of the AskUsNow! customers are students; however, while law-related questions have come in from the student population, there have also been a good number of non-student customers: self-represented litigants, teachers, a few attorneys, and even a few non-law fellow librarians.

The Library is tracking usage; however, from June 2010 until early January 2011, there was no wide advertisement of the availability of law librarians. This was a deliberate choice, made to allow the law librarians staffing the service to adjust to the different functionality of a virtual reference service, and to allow testing time to sort out optimal service hours and scheduling conflicts. In January 2011, the link from the Maryland People’s Law Library went live, and with it, a general announcement that the service is available. Since January, usage of the law connection on AskUsNow! has trebled. Though it’s still early to measure the consistency of the response, it is clear that the service is both utilized and appreciated.

Questions received through the service vary on topics as widely as they do at the regular reference desk. There have been consistently higher numbers of questions on family law (particularly custody issues) and foreclosure, but there also have been questions on tax issues, zoning, landlord/tenant, privacy laws, neighbor law, criminal law, and more. When responding to chat questions, chat librarians try to point the customer to web resources as much as possible. When a question clearly requires non-online materials, librarians have the option to route the question to the follow-up system, to respond in a more lengthy and comprehensive manner after researching in alternate resources.

Patron response has been very positive. After a session, patrons have the option of completing a brief online survey relating to the service. The surveys received relating to law sessions have almost uniformly come back with “excellent service.”

Susan Herrick, Pat Behles, and Tonya Baroudi

On February 23, 2011, librarians from across the state came to Annapolis for the Maryland Library Association’s Maryland Library Day at the legislature.  LLAM was represented by members Joan Bellistri, Jackie Curro, Pat Behles, Susan Herrick, Tonya Baroudi, and Janet Camillo.

For the past few years, the Anne Arundel County Public Law Library has been the gathering spot for librarians to prepare for their day in Annapolis. The first task of the day was to prepare the packets for distribution to the legislators. The folders were already filled with statewide information including the LLAM brochure.  Each county brought local information specific to their county to add to the folders. Circuit court law libraries were able to add information to the county side of the folders as well.  Bags of candy, chocolate turtles, and Maryland library buttons were also distributed to be handed out with the information packets.

As packets were prepared, a continental breakfast, provided by LLAM, was available.  Hannah Powers of Alexander and Cleaver, a firm that provides lobbying assistance to MAPLA, began the breakfast briefing by reviewing the issues facing libraries in the 2011 session.  Funding for public libraries in the budget will remain at current levels rather than increase as provided by MD. CODE ANN. EDUC. §23-503.  Although this will in effect be a decrease in funding, libraries are willing to do their part in helping the state of Maryland to recover from current budget woes. With public library funding remaining flat over the last four years, public libraries will have in fact lost more than 11 million.   Mary Baykan, legislative officer of the MLA Legislative Panel, provided those who would be visiting their delegations with talking points.  Librarians would not be asking for reinstatement of funding amounts but would instead promote public and school libraries.  Included in the message was that “over three million Marylanders have library cards; a recent Maryland poll found that Marylanders use and value libraries as an essential service; and that public libraries have proven to be a life line in helping Marylanders improve their job skills, search online for employment, get an email account, fill out job applications online, and improve resume writing skills.”

The group then headed to the statehouse to hear Maryland Library Day proclaimed in the Senate.  The gallery was packed, as it was also the day that the Senate debate on the gay marriage bill was to begin. Those who were able to get a seat did find it a bit more interesting to remain in the gallery after the proclamation than in past years.

Librarians then formed into county groups and began visiting their delegations.  Some librarians were able to break for lunch at the Reynolds Tavern across the street from the courthouse – a fitting location, as it once housed the Anne Arundel Public Library in Annapolis.  The AACPLL’s “reading room” became the break spot for librarians throughout the day until it was time for the reception held in the Senate Office Building, where there was a good turnout of legislators and librarians.  This reception traditionally is another means for librarians to promote libraries to legislators,and also for librarians to talk with each another. The day on the whole is also a great opportunity for law librarians to make connections with and support our colleagues in other Maryland libraries.

Susan Herrick and Margaret Carty, MLA Executive Director

By Sara Witman
Research Librarian
Gordon, Feinblatt, Rothman, Hoffberger & Hollander

At the start of her lecture to a packed room at the Baltimore Bar Library on February 8, Marion Elizabeth Rodgers, author of Mencken: The American Iconoclast, mentioned the wine reception immediately following the talk.

“On such occasions,” she said, “I am reminded of one of Mencken’s favorite doctrines, that ‘the whole world would be better if the human race was kept gently stewed’ … which brings me to the topic of this evening.”

Rodgers kept the audience laughing throughout her lecture on “Mencken, Ritchie and Prohibition.” Her focus: how a driving force behind the repeal of Prohibition was a combination of the independent character of the state of Maryland, the 42 newspaper columns Mencken wrote against Prohibition, and Governor Albert Ritchie’s stand against enforcing the anti-liquor law.

In 1920, H.L. Mencken began writing against Prohibition in his weekly column for the Evening Sun. Governor Ritchie was a regular visitor of Sun offices and began to agree with the anti-Prohibition ideas.  When Ritchie attended a Governor’s Conference in DC, he was the only governor to protest the requirement that states enforce Prohibition, a policy that Ritchie called a federal infringement on Maryland’s rights. Interestingly, Maryland never had a state enforcement act for Prohibition.

Rodgers provided fascinating details about life in Maryland during Prohibition. According to Rodgers, by the end of Prohibition, Maryland was “one of the wettest states in the Union.” Ritchie announced that state troopers would not bother places selling alcohol in Maryland. Speakeasies were declared to be “cigar stores” with a door in the back with a window; when you knocked on the door and said, “Joe sent me,” you’d be let right in.

Another interesting fact was that many people brewed their own beer in Baltimore during the time because alcohol was very expensive. In some neighborhoods, the air on Sundays would smell deeply of hops and malt. Mencken brewed his own beer each Sunday; the guinea pigs for his brew experiments were often the musicians of the Saturday Night Club.

Rodgers mentioned that Ken Burns is currently producing a documentary about Prohibition, which should focus in part on Mencken and Baltimore, as well. That documentary is scheduled to be aired in December.

The growing friendship between Mencken and Ritchie, particularly through a failed bid for the Democratic presidential nomination, was described beautifully by Rodgers.  Her meticulous book, Mencken: The American Iconoclast, is widely known as H.L. Mencken’s definitive biography. Additionally, when speaking about Mencken, Rodgers’ enthusiasm for the subject is contagious.

Many thanks to the Bar Library for another successful program!

After more than eight decades of 50 titles in the U.S. Code, there is a new neighbor on the block. Bill H.R. 3237 was signed by President Barack Obama in December 18, 2010, and became Public Law 111-314. Title 51, also known as “National and Commercial Space Programs,” is a compilation of existing general law related to space programs.

The Office of Law Revision Counsel explains…

Over the past five decades, a substantial amount of legislation was enacted relating to national and commercial space programs. In the United States Code, some of these provisions appeared in title 15 (Commerce and Trade), some in title 42 (The Public Health and Welfare), and some in title 49 (Transportation). No distinct title for national and commercial space programs existed in the United States Code because the organizational scheme for the Code was originally established in 1926, before such programs were contemplated.

Public Law 111-314 gathers provisions relating to national and commercial space programs, and restates the provisions as title 51, United States Code, “National and Commercial Space Programs”. Public Law 111-314 does not provide for any new programs. Nor does it modify or repeal any existing programs. Rather, the Act restates existing law in a manner adhering to the policy, intent, and purpose of the original enactments, while improving the organizational structure of the law and removing ambiguities, contradictions, and other imperfections.

But wait…there’s more. Titles 52 – 55 are also in the works. These proposed titles are:  Title 52 Voting and Elections, Title 53 Small Business, Title 54 National Park System and Title 55 Environment. As with Title 51, these titles will be comprised of exiting law and will become positive law upon enactment.

In many law firms, come September, a new crop of eager first year associates joins the ranks.  As librarians, we often think of training our new associates on CALR techniques or outlining procedures for making research requests, but we don’t always think of how we might be of assistance to these new lawyers in building their future books of business.  Below are three pieces of advice for new associates looking to build their practices, and suggestions for librarians on how to assist in these endeavors.

1.  Become an amazing lawyer. When law students graduate, they are not yet superstars in their field.  They still have to learn the substantive practice area they have chosen, as well as related skills, like negotiating or trial techniques.  One of the major sources of new business for lawyers is referrals.  Becoming an expert in a particular substantive area is a great way to get those referrals.

If a new lawyer is interested in becoming a white collar trial attorney, refer her to sources such as Mauet’s Trial Technique, Courtroom Criminal Evidence by Edward J. Imwinkelried, or Lafave’s Criminal Procedure to help her develop a strong foundation in the practice area of her choice.  Assist her in setting up current alerts for developments in criminal law.  Offer to put her on the route list for any relevant publications the library might receive.  In short, help her to expand her substantive knowledge of her chosen area, so that she can build her expertise, which she can then sell to potential clients.

2.  Keep your networks warm, warmly. Again, referrals are critical for attorneys, so new associates should plan to keep their networks warm.  Of course social media is a great way to do this (Facebook, Twitter, etc.), but a personalized message can go a long way in making a lasting impression.  Such personal touches might include a congratulatory letter when a former classmate changes positions or a copy of a recent article about a subject a contact is passionate about.

Remind new lawyers that they can set up free news alerts on Google or other services about companies, colleagues, or subjects.  Offer to help associates with specific business development information requests for keeping in touch with contacts.  This can be as simple as assisting in locating a snail mail address if an associate wishes to forward a hard copy of an article and has only electronic contact information for a potential client.

3. Join one organization where you will interact with people who are in a position to refer work to you. Again, referrals are a primary source of business development, so a new associate should consider joining one organization where he will come into contact with people who are in a position to hire him or refer clients to him.

For example, if an associate wishes to pursue a career in estate planning, she might volunteer to assist a non-profit organization with a legacy gifts program.  This would give her experience with structuring legacy gifts, and would bring her into contact with individuals in a position to hire her to counsel on other estate planning matters.  A librarian may offer to assist the attorney in locating a few possible organizations, based upon the attorney’s interests and chosen area of law.

While there are many other strategies associates may pursue in becoming rainmakers for their firms, these three provide opportunities for librarians to assist in building the future leaders of their law firms, and, in turn, educate new patrons on the breadth of library services available to them.

Anna Ella Carroll

“Once in a while, a real hero is forgotten.”

Maryland honored one of those forgotten heroes, as November 20, 2010 was designated Anna Ella Carroll Day.

Anna, long footnoted in history, was a secret member of Abraham Lincoln’s cabinet. Cloaked in obscurity and forgotten by all but a few for over 150 years,  Ann, as she was known by her contemporaries, was recognized in her home county of Dorchester with a day of festivities.  A ceremonial wreath laying (by Brig. Gen. Wilma L Vaught, USAF Ret), unveiling of a special painting, and the premiere of a movie entitled Lost River: Lincoln’s Secret Revealed.

Ann was born in 1815, and was the granddaughter of Charles Carroll and the daughter of Maryland Governor Thomas King Carroll.  Her father educated her in law and politics, which was very unusual for a woman in that era, for as a woman she could neither vote nor hold office.  Though only 15, she ran the family business and the household while her father was governor.  She was a pamphleteer and lobbyist, and she naturally gravitated towards politics.  She got a job at the National Intelligencer, a Washington investigative  newspaper.

Not satisfied with political parties of the time, she helped to form the American Party (known in history as the Know Nothing Party), noted for their nativist policies.  They backed Millard Fillmore, who lost to James Buchanan.  In 1860, the party merged with the Republican Party and helped to make the deals that led to Abraham Lincoln’s nomination as the candidate.  Ann was instrumental in suggesting to Lincoln the strategy that he used to keep Maryland from seceding; she prepared a brief for him of his presidential powers.  She continued to prepare briefs on relevant issues, including battle strategies.  Travelling to the west to visit relatives, Anna talked to troops and generals and researched the rivers in the area.  She developed the battle strategy for the Tennessee River campaign (1861) and suggested General Grant as commander. Her strategy  was accepted and used, and the victory is credited with shortening the war and saving lives.  President Lincoln couldn’t give her credit during the war for morale purposes, because she was a civilian and a woman, but promised her that he would do so after the war.  She was accepted by other members of Lincoln’s cabinet but not by the First Lady, Mary Lincoln, who was jealous of the attention that was paid to her.  When artist Francis Bicknell Carpenter painted “Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation” in 1862,  originally Ann was part of the painting as part of Lincoln’s cabinet.

One mission of the GPO (Government Printing Office) is to provide for, in partnership with the Federal depository libraries, perpetual, free, and ready public access to the print and digital publications of the Government.

In keeping with this mission FDsys http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ continues to give the American people a one-stop site to authentic, published information, while enhancing the searching and browsing capabilities found on GPO Access. Transition to FDsys was completed in January 2011, with more collections to be added in updates.

FDsys provides free online access to official Federal Government publications. Through FDsys you are able to search for documents and publications; browse for documents and publications; access metadata and download documents in multiple file formats. FDsys contains almost 50 collections of Government information ranging from Congressional materials, to Presidential materials, and materials from Federal agencies. For a full list of FDsys collections visit http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectiontab.action

In many ways, using FDsys is similar to conducting a typical Web search. One of the changes from GPO Access is that you can easily search across multiple publications or collections from a single search box. When you enter a search query, FDsys will locate relevant information for you, just as if you were using any other search tool. After inputting your search terms, you will be provided with a list of relevant results, which can be narrowed down and filtered.

FDsys enables GPO to manage Government publications from Congress and Federal agencies that are submitted to GPO in digital form, gathered from the Federal web sites, and created by scanning previously printed publications.

FDsys will allow Federal content creators to easily create and submit content which will then be preserved, authenticated, managed and delivered upon request.

For almost 150 years, the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) has been the official disseminator of government documents and has assured users of their authenticity. In the 21st century, the increasing use of electronic documents poses special challenges in verifying authenticity, because digital technology makes such documents easy to alter or copy, leading to multiple non-identical versions that can be used in unauthorized or illegitimate ways

To help meet the challenge of the digital age, GPO has begun implementing digital signatures to certain electronic documents on GPO Access that not only establish GPO as the trusted information disseminator, but also provide the assurance that an electronic document has not been altered since GPO disseminated it.

Currently, the following documents are signed in FDsys:

GPO uses a digital certificate to apply digital signatures to PDF documents. In order for users to validate the certificate that was used by GPO to apply a digital signature to document, a chain of certificates or a certification path between the certificate and an established point of trust must be established, and every certificate within that path must be checked

What is GPO’s Seal of Authenticity?

The GPO Seal of Authenticity is a graphic of an eagle next to the words “Authenticated U.S. Government Information.”

What are validation icons?

Validation icons appear next to the GPO Seal of Authenticity to notify users of the content’s validity status. The following is a list of icons that are used by Adobe to convey information about digital signatures.

There are tutorials, help screens, FAQs and a manual to help with use of FDsys, as well as ask GPO functions.